Crane Inspections: Preparing & Passing

When it comes to heavy lifting on construction sites, cranes are the real workhorses — towering over jobsites and hoisting materials upwards of 1,000 feet. 

These giants should be kept in top-notch condition, which requires frequent inspections and updated records by site leadership and safety teams. Additionally, adhering to safety regulations and passing annual crane inspections are necessary to keep this heavy equipment in operation.

In this article, we’ll dive into what it takes to prepare for and pass annual crane inspections, and how to safely get cranes back into operation if they’ve been called out of service. 

Types of Crane Inspections

Regular crane inspections are required to make sure the equipment is safe to operate. Annual inspections are only one of several types of inspections cranes may undergo as part of a comprehensive safety regimen. Other types of inspections include: 

Initial Inspection

Conducted before a crane is put into service for the first time. This inspection ensures that the crane is installed and operating according to manufacturer specifications and safety standards.

Pre-Operational Inspection (Daily or Shift Inspection)

Performed by the crane operator or maintenance personnel at the beginning of each shift. This includes checking the crane's controls, hooks, chains, and other safety features to ensure everything is functioning correctly.

Frequent Inspection

Conducted monthly or quarterly, depending on the crane's usage and the environment in which it operates. These inspections focus on critical components and wear-prone parts such as brakes, ropes, and load chains.

Periodic Inspection

More comprehensive than frequent inspections, these are performed annually or biannually. They involve a detailed examination of the crane's overall condition, including structural components and mechanical systems.

Special/Ad Hoc Inspection

Conducted after unusual events such as accidents, natural disasters, or after significant modifications or repairs to the crane. These inspections ensure the crane is still safe to operate.

These inspections are crucial for maintaining crane safety and ensuring efficient operation. They help prevent accidents and extend the lifespan of the equipment.

Preparing for an Annual Crane Inspection

Yearly crane inspections serve as an audit of the safety checks and maintenance that should be conducted on a regular basis. Responsible equipment management, maintenance and clear and organized documentation help to lay the groundwork for a successful inspection. 

Before scheduling the inspection, a third-party auditor may request the following information about the equipment:

• Crane capacity and height
• Manufacturer details
• Usage rates
• Presence of manlifts
• Site and safety protocols

Organize equipment documents.

Documents and logs should be readily available to provide to the third-party inspector. Any records taken throughout the year should be updated, organized and made easily accessible by site leads or safety personnel. The following is a list of typical documents that should be maintained for crane inspections.

• Annual Inspection Report

  The previous year’s inspection should be posted on the crane.

• Daily Inspection Logs

  Detailed maintenance and inspection records to ensure all required checks have been performed and documented properly.

• Maintenance Records

  Comprehensive logs of all maintenance activities, including routine servicing, repairs and part replacements should be included.

• Operator Certifications

  Copies of the crane operator certifications from accredited organizations to verify operators are qualified to operate the crane. These certifications should also be posted on the crane at all times.

• Load Test Results

  Include documentation of periodic load tests that show the crane can lift its rated capacity.

• Safety Device Logs

  Record logs verifying that all safety devices such as limit switches and load indicators, have been tested and are functioning correctly.

• Incident Reports

  Thorough incident reports include documentation of any accidents, incidents or near-misses involving the crane, along with investigation findings and corrective actions.

Transparency about the equipment’s history and current condition helps jobsite teams, crane operators and inspectors on the same page with compliance and keeping the jobsite secure for everyone, 

The Crane Inspection Process

Annual comprehensive crane inspections are required in order to comply with state and local regulations set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA crane standards outline a comprehensive set of rules and regulations for safe crane operations and accident prevention.

Annual Inspections

Cranes undergoing inspection are either taken to a designated location, or the inspector visits the site where the crane operates. During the inspection, a third-party inspector may spend several hours going through all aspects of the crane. 

Inspectors check cranes with a fine-toothed comb. They’ll examine the crane’s functionality, including the weld points and stress on the arm, as well as the cabling for signs of stress.  They also check for deformed, cracked or corroded members of the crane, and review the hoisting and lowering mechanisms. This includes inspecting the trolley travel and bridge travel limit switches, and examine the locking and safety devices. Performance load tests are also conducted to ensure the crane can lift its rated capacity. 

Inspectors also look for loose bolts, rivets, sheaves and drums that may be cracked or worn out. They assess the condition of bearings, shafts, gears, and braking systems, as well as check the wind indicators, fuel systems, and electrical components, including limit switches. A crane inspection checklist is helpful for both operators and inspectors to have insight on what needs to be in compliance with state and local regulations. 

How to Conduct a Crane Inspection

Conducting interim crane inspections involves similar steps to the annual checkup, all intended to ensure the equipment is safe and operational. 

1. Review the manufacturer’s instructions and safety guidelines.

   Consult the crane’s manual and any relevant safety guidelines. Understanding these guidelines helps ensure that all inspection steps align with the manufacturer’s recommendations and regulatory requirements.

2. Perform visual checks.

   Conduct a thorough visual inspection of the crane, checking for any obvious signs of wear, damage or corrosion on critical components. Check hooks, wire ropes, chains and structural elements for any signs of deformation or cracking.

3. Test equipment functionalities.

   Operate the controls to verify they respond correctly and smoothly. Test the crane’s operational functions, including hoisting, lowering and rotating motions. Check the braking system for effective stopping power. Ensure that all alarms, lights, and emergency stop functions are working as intended. 

4. Check operational functions.

   Conduct functional tests to evaluate the crane's performance under typical operating conditions. This includes testing load handling capabilities and ensuring that all safety features, such as overload protection devices, are working correctly. Verify that the crane can operate at its full range of motion without any hindrance or abnormal noises.

5. Document inspection findings and report issues.

   Record all findings from the inspection in a detailed report. Note any issues or irregularities, even if they seem minor. This documentation is crucial for tracking the crane’s condition over time and planning maintenance or repairs. If any significant issues are identified, report them immediately to the appropriate personnel and take corrective action before the crane is returned to service.

Free Download

Crane Inspection Checklist

This free crane inspection checklist can be helpful to both operators and inspectors. It can be customized with items related to specific state and local regulations for any project.

• Free starter template with common inspection items
• Add custom checklist items for any project
• Trusted by construction professionals

Free Download (Google Sheets)

Working With Third-party Inspectors

Third-party inspectors must be licensed and approved from an independent crane company, or certified with accreditation from a qualified organization such as the National Commission for the Certification of Crane Operators (NCCCO).

A thorough and detailed inspection by a third party verifies that any potential issues are identified and addressed, keeping the crane compliant with OSHA regulations and safe for operation.

Dealing with Failed Inspections or Crane Issues

Any issues identified during regular inspections should be addressed immediately. The problems should be properly documented, and if necessary, the crane should be taken out of service until repairs are made and verified by a third-party auditor.

Take immediate action.

Any issues identified during regular or informal inspections should be addressed right away to prevent injury to the operator or anyone on, or near, the jobsite. If a crane is deemed unsafe, site leads or safety personnel should do the following.

1. Stop operations.

   Cease all crane operations immediately to prevent further risk or damage.

2. Secure the load.

   If safe to do so, secure and safely lower any load being lifted to avoid potential hazards.

3. Alert personnel.

   Notify all workers in the vicinity of the issue to stay clear of the crane and any potential danger zones.

4. Complete Lockout/Tagout (LOTO).

   Implement LOTO procedures to ensure the crane is de-energized and cannot be operated until the issue is resolved.

5. Inspect the crane.

   Perform an initial inspection to identify the nature and extent of the issue. This should be conducted by qualified personnel or a technician.

6. Report the issue.

   Document and report the problem to the appropriate supervisory personnel or safety officer.

7. Engage qualified personnel.

   Arrange for a certified inspector or qualified maintenance staff to further investigate and address the issue, ensuring all safety protocols are followed.

8. Conduct repairs.

   Carry out necessary repairs or maintenance tasks to rectify the problem, ensuring all parts and systems are restored to proper working condition.

9. Re-inspect and test the crane.

   After repairs, perform a thorough re-inspection and functional test to confirm that the crane is operating safely and effectively.

10. Update all documentation.

    Verify that all actions taken, from initial identification to final testing, are documented thoroughly in maintenance records.

11. Resume operations.

    Once the crane is confirmed to be safe and fully operational, lift the LOTO procedures and resume normal operations, informing all personnel that the crane is back in service.

Promptly addressing issues as soon as they pop up can drastically cut down the risks of catastrophic failures and potential injuries, making sure everyone goes home safe at the end of the day.

Stay updated on what’s happening in construction.

Subscribe to Blueprint, Procore’s free construction newsletter, to get content from industry experts delivered straight to your inbox.

Subscribe

Consistency is the key to passing inspections.

A successful annual inspection is often the result of meticulous care throughout the year. Regular maintenance checks, organized and accurate documentation and careful attention to protocols and compliance at all times can keep cranes in motion and prevent project delays or rework.

Keeping third-party inspectors in the loop on any issues with cranes in operation also helps ensure worker safety and that the project stays on track.

Written by